holds at time

http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime

as defined in OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology

version info
0.2.0
version
imports
Title
OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology
Description
OPINO is a DOLCE+DnS Ultralite-based ontology design pattern for representing scholarly opinions and interpretations in cultural heritage knowledge graphs. An Opinion is an information object that expresses a Predicative Content, a collection of Predications (reified claims). Each Predication is a situation with a subject, a predicate and an object, read through a claim-type Description and, where relevant, holding at a time. Epistemic status, confidence and certainty attach to each Predication, so the claims of an Opinion are qualified individually, or to the Predicative Content as a default for its members; the subclasses Assertion, Belief, Hypothesis and Conjecture classify Predications by status, and Reference marks a claim reported from another source. Argumentative relations (supports, evidences, conflicts with, negates, concludes that) link Predications, and hasAuthor shortcuts the provenance path from an Opinion to its author. Informed by the DOLCE epistemic layer (Masolo et al.) and the MITE observation ontology (Sanfilippo et al.), and aligned with HiCO, PROV-O, RDF reification and CRMinf. Developed within the INFINITY project (Horizon Europe, grant agreement no. 101233051). Competency questions with SPARQL queries and a worked example are in the documentation linked from dcterms:source.
Creator
Andrea Schimmenti
Publisher
License
Rights
Released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).
Source
see also
Alternative Title
OPINO
Bibliographic Citation
Schimmenti, A. (2026). OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology, version 0.2.0. Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna. http://w3id.org/opino/0.2.0
code repository
Date Created
2026-04-30
Date Issued
2026-10-21
Date Modified
2026-10-24
history note
Successor of the working draft PINO (Propositional Interpretation of situatioNs Ontology, v0.1.0, 2026-04-30). Versioning restarted at 0.2.0 for the first public release.
image
Language
en
logo
preferred namespace prefix
opino
preferred namespace uri
http://w3id.org/opino/
References
status
Subject
cultural heritage
epistemic status
knowledge graphs
scholarly interpretation
Other visualisation
WebVOWL Source
Export
Turtle RDF/XML JSON-LD N-Triples

holds at time
op

IRI: http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime

comment
A relation from a Predication, or from a Predicative Content, to the time interval at which its claim or claims are said to hold, which is the time of the content and not the time at which the claim was made. It is functional and it specialises dul:includesTime, whose domain is dul:Situation, so a Predicative Content with a time is also inferred to be a dul:Situation. Put the dates on the dul:TimeInterval, for example with dul:hasIntervalDate. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner.
en
has Characteristics
is sub property of
includes timeop
domain
(
Predicationc
or
Predicative Contentc
)
range
time intervalc
is defined by
http://w3id.org/opino/
label
holds at time
en

@prefix ns1: <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

ns1: {
    ns1:holdsAtTime a owl:FunctionalProperty,
            owl:ObjectProperty ;
        rdfs:label "holds at time"@en ;
        rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication, or from a Predicative Content, to the time interval at which its claim or claims are said to hold, which is the time of the content and not the time at which the claim was made. It is functional and it specialises dul:includesTime, whose domain is dul:Situation, so a Predicative Content with a time is also inferred to be a dul:Situation. Put the dates on the dul:TimeInterval, for example with dul:hasIntervalDate. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner."@en ;
        rdfs:domain _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b17 ;
        rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ;
        rdfs:range <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeInterval> ;
        rdfs:subPropertyOf <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesTime> .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b17 a owl:Class ;
        owl:unionOf _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b18 .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b18 rdf:first ns1:Predication ;
        rdf:rest _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b19 .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b19 rdf:first ns1:PredicativeContent ;
        rdf:rest () .
}


[
  {
    "@graph": [
      {
        "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#FunctionalProperty",
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [
          {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "A relation from a Predication, or from a Predicative Content, to the time interval at which its claim or claims are said to hold, which is the time of the content and not the time at which the claim was made. It is functional and it specialises dul:includesTime, whose domain is dul:Situation, so a Predicative Content with a time is also inferred to be a dul:Situation. Put the dates on the dul:TimeInterval, for example with dul:hasIntervalDate. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner."
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#domain": [
          {
            "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b17"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy": [
          {
            "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI",
            "@value": "http://w3id.org/opino/"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
          {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "holds at time"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#range": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeInterval"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subPropertyOf": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesTime"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b17",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#unionOf": [
          {
            "@list": [
              {
                "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/Predication"
              },
              {
                "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/"
  }
]
<http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#range> <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeInterval> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subPropertyOf> <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#includesTime> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy> "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#FunctionalProperty> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "A relation from a Predication, or from a Predicative Content, to the time interval at which its claim or claims are said to hold, which is the time of the content and not the time at which the claim was made. It is functional and it specialises dul:includesTime, whose domain is dul:Situation, so a Predicative Content with a time is also inferred to be a dul:Situation. Put the dates on the dul:TimeInterval, for example with dul:hasIntervalDate. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner."@en <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b19 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b19 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b17 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "holds at time"@en <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b17 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#unionOf> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b18 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b18 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b19 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#domain> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b17 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b18 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://w3id.org/opino/Predication> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/holdsAtTime> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
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