Predicative Content

http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent

as defined in OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology

version info
0.2.0
version
imports
Title
OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology
Description
OPINO is a DOLCE+DnS Ultralite-based ontology design pattern for representing scholarly opinions and interpretations in cultural heritage knowledge graphs. An Opinion is an information object that expresses a Predicative Content, a collection of Predications (reified claims). Each Predication is a situation with a subject, a predicate and an object, read through a claim-type Description and, where relevant, holding at a time. Epistemic status, confidence and certainty attach to each Predication, so the claims of an Opinion are qualified individually, or to the Predicative Content as a default for its members; the subclasses Assertion, Belief, Hypothesis and Conjecture classify Predications by status, and Reference marks a claim reported from another source. Argumentative relations (supports, evidences, conflicts with, negates, concludes that) link Predications, and hasAuthor shortcuts the provenance path from an Opinion to its author. Informed by the DOLCE epistemic layer (Masolo et al.) and the MITE observation ontology (Sanfilippo et al.), and aligned with HiCO, PROV-O, RDF reification and CRMinf. Developed within the INFINITY project (Horizon Europe, grant agreement no. 101233051). Competency questions with SPARQL queries and a worked example are in the documentation linked from dcterms:source.
Creator
Andrea Schimmenti
Publisher
License
Rights
Released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).
Source
see also
Alternative Title
OPINO
Bibliographic Citation
Schimmenti, A. (2026). OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology, version 0.2.0. Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna. http://w3id.org/opino/0.2.0
code repository
Date Created
2026-04-30
Date Issued
2026-10-21
Date Modified
2026-10-24
history note
Successor of the working draft PINO (Propositional Interpretation of situatioNs Ontology, v0.1.0, 2026-04-30). Versioning restarted at 0.2.0 for the first public release.
image
Language
en
logo
preferred namespace prefix
opino
preferred namespace uri
http://w3id.org/opino/
References
status
Subject
cultural heritage
epistemic status
knowledge graphs
scholarly interpretation
Other visualisation
WebVOWL Source
Export
Turtle RDF/XML JSON-LD N-Triples

Predicative Content
c

IRI: http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent

comment
A collection of one or more Predications expressed together by an Opinion. It is called Predicative Content to state that it contains Predications and nothing else: every member is a Predication (hasMember only Predication) and there is at least one (hasMember some Predication). It groups the claims of one Opinion so that they can be taken as a unit, and it has no logical force: it does not say that its members are true, that they hold together or that the source holds them jointly. It is a dul:Collection, and not a dul:Set, because it is a social object that exists independently of the truth of its members and of the fact that its membership may change as the Opinion is edited. A single claim is a one-member Content. The properties of a Predication that are not about a single claim, namely hasEpistemicStatus, hasConfidence, hasCertainty, isFramedBy, holdsAtTime and readsAs, can also be stated on the Predicative Content, as the default for all its members that do not state their own; hasSubject, hasPredicate, hasObject and hasPolarity belong to a single claim and are not stated here. Its triples can be kept in a named graph linked with hasGraph, so that they are expressed without being asserted. It is aligned with crminf:I4_Proposition_Set by skos:broadMatch, and not by equivalence, because the CRMinf class is not defined on the same distinctions. Example: the set of Predications stated in one catalogue record, all held as hypotheses with the same certainty.
en
is defined by
http://w3id.org/opino/
is in domain of
has predicationop,
has graphop
is in range of
expresses contentop
is sub class of
has memberop
some
Predicationc
collectionc
has memberop
only
Predicationc
label
Predicative Content
en
has broader match

@prefix ns1: <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

ns1: {
    ns1:PredicativeContent a owl:Class ;
        rdfs:label "Predicative Content"@en ;
        rdfs:comment "A collection of one or more Predications expressed together by an Opinion. It is called Predicative Content to state that it contains Predications and nothing else: every member is a Predication (hasMember only Predication) and there is at least one (hasMember some Predication). It groups the claims of one Opinion so that they can be taken as a unit, and it has no logical force: it does not say that its members are true, that they hold together or that the source holds them jointly. It is a dul:Collection, and not a dul:Set, because it is a social object that exists independently of the truth of its members and of the fact that its membership may change as the Opinion is edited. A single claim is a one-member Content. The properties of a Predication that are not about a single claim, namely hasEpistemicStatus, hasConfidence, hasCertainty, isFramedBy, holdsAtTime and readsAs, can also be stated on the Predicative Content, as the default for all its members that do not state their own; hasSubject, hasPredicate, hasObject and hasPolarity belong to a single claim and are not stated here. Its triples can be kept in a named graph linked with hasGraph, so that they are expressed without being asserted. It is aligned with crminf:I4_Proposition_Set by skos:broadMatch, and not by equivalence, because the CRMinf class is not defined on the same distinctions. Example: the set of Predications stated in one catalogue record, all held as hypotheses with the same certainty."@en ;
        rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ;
        rdfs:subClassOf _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b47,
            _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b48,
            <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collection> ;
        skos:broadMatch <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/crminf/I4_Proposition_Set> .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b47 a owl:Restriction ;
        owl:onProperty <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember> ;
        owl:someValuesFrom ns1:Predication .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b48 a owl:Restriction ;
        owl:allValuesFrom ns1:Predication ;
        owl:onProperty <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember> .
}


[
  {
    "@graph": [
      {
        "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [
          {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "A collection of one or more Predications expressed together by an Opinion. It is called Predicative Content to state that it contains Predications and nothing else: every member is a Predication (hasMember only Predication) and there is at least one (hasMember some Predication). It groups the claims of one Opinion so that they can be taken as a unit, and it has no logical force: it does not say that its members are true, that they hold together or that the source holds them jointly. It is a dul:Collection, and not a dul:Set, because it is a social object that exists independently of the truth of its members and of the fact that its membership may change as the Opinion is edited. A single claim is a one-member Content. The properties of a Predication that are not about a single claim, namely hasEpistemicStatus, hasConfidence, hasCertainty, isFramedBy, holdsAtTime and readsAs, can also be stated on the Predicative Content, as the default for all its members that do not state their own; hasSubject, hasPredicate, hasObject and hasPolarity belong to a single claim and are not stated here. Its triples can be kept in a named graph linked with hasGraph, so that they are expressed without being asserted. It is aligned with crminf:I4_Proposition_Set by skos:broadMatch, and not by equivalence, because the CRMinf class is not defined on the same distinctions. Example: the set of Predications stated in one catalogue record, all held as hypotheses with the same certainty."
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy": [
          {
            "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI",
            "@value": "http://w3id.org/opino/"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
          {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "Predicative Content"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf": [
          {
            "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b48"
          },
          {
            "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b47"
          },
          {
            "@id": "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collection"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broadMatch": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/crminf/I4_Proposition_Set"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b48",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#allValuesFrom": [
          {
            "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/Predication"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b47",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#someValuesFrom": [
          {
            "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/Predication"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/"
  }
]
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b48 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b48 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty> <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broadMatch> <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/crminf/I4_Proposition_Set> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b48 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy> "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b47 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#someValuesFrom> <http://w3id.org/opino/Predication> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Predicative Content"@en <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "A collection of one or more Predications expressed together by an Opinion. It is called Predicative Content to state that it contains Predications and nothing else: every member is a Predication (hasMember only Predication) and there is at least one (hasMember some Predication). It groups the claims of one Opinion so that they can be taken as a unit, and it has no logical force: it does not say that its members are true, that they hold together or that the source holds them jointly. It is a dul:Collection, and not a dul:Set, because it is a social object that exists independently of the truth of its members and of the fact that its membership may change as the Opinion is edited. A single claim is a one-member Content. The properties of a Predication that are not about a single claim, namely hasEpistemicStatus, hasConfidence, hasCertainty, isFramedBy, holdsAtTime and readsAs, can also be stated on the Predicative Content, as the default for all its members that do not state their own; hasSubject, hasPredicate, hasObject and hasPolarity belong to a single claim and are not stated here. Its triples can be kept in a named graph linked with hasGraph, so that they are expressed without being asserted. It is aligned with crminf:I4_Proposition_Set by skos:broadMatch, and not by equivalence, because the CRMinf class is not defined on the same distinctions. Example: the set of Predications stated in one catalogue record, all held as hypotheses with the same certainty."@en <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b47 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b48 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#allValuesFrom> <http://w3id.org/opino/Predication> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b47 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty> <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#hasMember> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b47 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/PredicativeContent> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf> <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#Collection> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
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