Opinion

http://w3id.org/opino/Opinion

as defined in OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology

version info
0.2.0
version
imports
Title
OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology
Description
OPINO is a DOLCE+DnS Ultralite-based ontology design pattern for representing scholarly opinions and interpretations in cultural heritage knowledge graphs. An Opinion is an information object that expresses a Predicative Content, a collection of Predications (reified claims). Each Predication is a situation with a subject, a predicate and an object, read through a claim-type Description and, where relevant, holding at a time. Epistemic status, confidence and certainty attach to each Predication, so the claims of an Opinion are qualified individually, or to the Predicative Content as a default for its members; the subclasses Assertion, Belief, Hypothesis and Conjecture classify Predications by status, and Reference marks a claim reported from another source. Argumentative relations (supports, evidences, conflicts with, negates, concludes that) link Predications, and hasAuthor shortcuts the provenance path from an Opinion to its author. Informed by the DOLCE epistemic layer (Masolo et al.) and the MITE observation ontology (Sanfilippo et al.), and aligned with HiCO, PROV-O, RDF reification and CRMinf. Developed within the INFINITY project (Horizon Europe, grant agreement no. 101233051). Competency questions with SPARQL queries and a worked example are in the documentation linked from dcterms:source.
Creator
Andrea Schimmenti
Publisher
License
Rights
Released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).
Source
see also
Alternative Title
OPINO
Bibliographic Citation
Schimmenti, A. (2026). OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology, version 0.2.0. Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna. http://w3id.org/opino/0.2.0
code repository
Date Created
2026-04-30
Date Issued
2026-10-21
Date Modified
2026-10-24
history note
Successor of the working draft PINO (Propositional Interpretation of situatioNs Ontology, v0.1.0, 2026-04-30). Versioning restarted at 0.2.0 for the first public release.
image
Language
en
logo
preferred namespace prefix
opino
preferred namespace uri
http://w3id.org/opino/
References
status
Subject
cultural heritage
epistemic status
knowledge graphs
scholarly interpretation
Other visualisation
WebVOWL Source
Export
Turtle RDF/XML JSON-LD N-Triples

Opinion
c

IRI: http://w3id.org/opino/Opinion

comment
An information object that expresses a Predicative Content: a catalogue note, a passage of an article, an annotation or any other piece of information in which a source puts forward one or more claims about the object under study. It is modelled as a dul:InformationObject, and not as a situation or as an event, because what it describes is the vehicle of the claims and not the claims themselves or the act that produced them. As an information object it can be authored, dated, cited, reused and linked to other Opinions (for example with CiTO), the same Content can be expressed by different Opinions, and dul:expresses applies to it directly. The claims are the Predications of the Predicative Content, and their epistemic status, confidence and certainty are given on each Predication, or as a default on the Predicative Content, not on the Opinion: an Opinion may therefore mix an observation held with high confidence and a conjecture. An Opinion does not say that its Content is true. The act that produced an Opinion is a prov:Activity, typically a hico:InterpretationAct; when that act is recorded, or when the Opinion is typed as such, the Opinion is an Interpretation, and its author is given by hasAuthor. Its type, such as expert opinion or automated output, can be given with dul:isClassifiedBy by a dul:Concept.
en
is defined by
http://w3id.org/opino/
is in domain of
expresses contentop,
is aboutop,
has authorop,
includes predicationop
is sub class of
information objectc
is super class of
Interpretationc
label
Opinion
en

@prefix ns1: <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

ns1: {
    ns1:Opinion a owl:Class ;
        rdfs:label "Opinion"@en ;
        rdfs:comment "An information object that expresses a Predicative Content: a catalogue note, a passage of an article, an annotation or any other piece of information in which a source puts forward one or more claims about the object under study. It is modelled as a dul:InformationObject, and not as a situation or as an event, because what it describes is the vehicle of the claims and not the claims themselves or the act that produced them. As an information object it can be authored, dated, cited, reused and linked to other Opinions (for example with CiTO), the same Content can be expressed by different Opinions, and dul:expresses applies to it directly. The claims are the Predications of the Predicative Content, and their epistemic status, confidence and certainty are given on each Predication, or as a default on the Predicative Content, not on the Opinion: an Opinion may therefore mix an observation held with high confidence and a conjecture. An Opinion does not say that its Content is true. The act that produced an Opinion is a prov:Activity, typically a hico:InterpretationAct; when that act is recorded, or when the Opinion is typed as such, the Opinion is an Interpretation, and its author is given by hasAuthor. Its type, such as expert opinion or automated output, can be given with dul:isClassifiedBy by a dul:Concept."@en ;
        rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ;
        rdfs:subClassOf <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationObject> .
}


[
  {
    "@graph": [
      {
        "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/Opinion",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [
          {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "An information object that expresses a Predicative Content: a catalogue note, a passage of an article, an annotation or any other piece of information in which a source puts forward one or more claims about the object under study. It is modelled as a dul:InformationObject, and not as a situation or as an event, because what it describes is the vehicle of the claims and not the claims themselves or the act that produced them. As an information object it can be authored, dated, cited, reused and linked to other Opinions (for example with CiTO), the same Content can be expressed by different Opinions, and dul:expresses applies to it directly. The claims are the Predications of the Predicative Content, and their epistemic status, confidence and certainty are given on each Predication, or as a default on the Predicative Content, not on the Opinion: an Opinion may therefore mix an observation held with high confidence and a conjecture. An Opinion does not say that its Content is true. The act that produced an Opinion is a prov:Activity, typically a hico:InterpretationAct; when that act is recorded, or when the Opinion is typed as such, the Opinion is an Interpretation, and its author is given by hasAuthor. Its type, such as expert opinion or automated output, can be given with dul:isClassifiedBy by a dul:Concept."
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy": [
          {
            "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI",
            "@value": "http://w3id.org/opino/"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
          {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "Opinion"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationObject"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/"
  }
]
<http://w3id.org/opino/Opinion> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Opinion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf> <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#InformationObject> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Opinion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy> "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Opinion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Opinion"@en <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Opinion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "An information object that expresses a Predicative Content: a catalogue note, a passage of an article, an annotation or any other piece of information in which a source puts forward one or more claims about the object under study. It is modelled as a dul:InformationObject, and not as a situation or as an event, because what it describes is the vehicle of the claims and not the claims themselves or the act that produced them. As an information object it can be authored, dated, cited, reused and linked to other Opinions (for example with CiTO), the same Content can be expressed by different Opinions, and dul:expresses applies to it directly. The claims are the Predications of the Predicative Content, and their epistemic status, confidence and certainty are given on each Predication, or as a default on the Predicative Content, not on the Opinion: an Opinion may therefore mix an observation held with high confidence and a conjecture. An Opinion does not say that its Content is true. The act that produced an Opinion is a prov:Activity, typically a hico:InterpretationAct; when that act is recorded, or when the Opinion is typed as such, the Opinion is an Interpretation, and its author is given by hasAuthor. Its type, such as expert opinion or automated output, can be given with dul:isClassifiedBy by a dul:Concept."@en <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
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