Conclusion

http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion

as defined in OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology

version info
0.2.0
version
imports
Title
OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology
Description
OPINO is a DOLCE+DnS Ultralite-based ontology design pattern for representing scholarly opinions and interpretations in cultural heritage knowledge graphs. An Opinion is an information object that expresses a Predicative Content, a collection of Predications (reified claims). Each Predication is a situation with a subject, a predicate and an object, read through a claim-type Description and, where relevant, holding at a time. Epistemic status, confidence and certainty attach to each Predication, so the claims of an Opinion are qualified individually, or to the Predicative Content as a default for its members; the subclasses Assertion, Belief, Hypothesis and Conjecture classify Predications by status, and Reference marks a claim reported from another source. Argumentative relations (supports, evidences, conflicts with, negates, concludes that) link Predications, and hasAuthor shortcuts the provenance path from an Opinion to its author. Informed by the DOLCE epistemic layer (Masolo et al.) and the MITE observation ontology (Sanfilippo et al.), and aligned with HiCO, PROV-O, RDF reification and CRMinf. Developed within the INFINITY project (Horizon Europe, grant agreement no. 101233051). Competency questions with SPARQL queries and a worked example are in the documentation linked from dcterms:source.
Creator
Andrea Schimmenti
Publisher
License
Rights
Released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0).
Source
see also
Alternative Title
OPINO
Bibliographic Citation
Schimmenti, A. (2026). OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology, version 0.2.0. Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna. http://w3id.org/opino/0.2.0
code repository
Date Created
2026-04-30
Date Issued
2026-10-21
Date Modified
2026-10-24
history note
Successor of the working draft PINO (Propositional Interpretation of situatioNs Ontology, v0.1.0, 2026-04-30). Versioning restarted at 0.2.0 for the first public release.
image
Language
en
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preferred namespace prefix
opino
preferred namespace uri
http://w3id.org/opino/
References
status
Subject
cultural heritage
epistemic status
knowledge graphs
scholarly interpretation
Other visualisation
WebVOWL Source
Export
Turtle RDF/XML JSON-LD N-Triples

Conclusion
c

IRI: http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion

comment
A Predication that is concluded from another Predication. It is a defined class (Predication and isConcludedBy some Predication): a reasoner classifies a Predication here as soon as a concludesThat link points to it, so the class is never asserted by hand. It records the position of a claim in an inferential chain and says nothing about the quality of the inference or about the epistemic status of the conclusion, which are given on the Predication itself. Example: the dating of an object concluded from two stylistic observations.
en
is defined by
http://w3id.org/opino/
is equivalent to
(
Predicationc
and
is concluded byop
some
Predicationc
)
is sub class of
Predicationc
label
Conclusion
en

@prefix ns1: <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

ns1: {
    ns1:Conclusion a owl:Class ;
        rdfs:label "Conclusion"@en ;
        rdfs:comment "A Predication that is concluded from another Predication. It is a defined class (Predication and isConcludedBy some Predication): a reasoner classifies a Predication here as soon as a concludesThat link points to it, so the class is never asserted by hand. It records the position of a claim in an inferential chain and says nothing about the quality of the inference or about the epistemic status of the conclusion, which are given on the Predication itself. Example: the dating of an object concluded from two stylistic observations."@en ;
        rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ;
        rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Predication ;
        owl:equivalentClass _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b1 .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b1 a owl:Class ;
        owl:intersectionOf _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b3 .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b2 a owl:Restriction ;
        owl:onProperty ns1:isConcludedBy ;
        owl:someValuesFrom ns1:Predication .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b3 rdf:first ns1:Predication ;
        rdf:rest _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b4 .

    _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b4 rdf:first _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b2 ;
        rdf:rest () .
}


[
  {
    "@graph": [
      {
        "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [
          {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "A Predication that is concluded from another Predication. It is a defined class (Predication and isConcludedBy some Predication): a reasoner classifies a Predication here as soon as a concludesThat link points to it, so the class is never asserted by hand. It records the position of a claim in an inferential chain and says nothing about the quality of the inference or about the epistemic status of the conclusion, which are given on the Predication itself. Example: the dating of an object concluded from two stylistic observations."
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy": [
          {
            "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI",
            "@value": "http://w3id.org/opino/"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
          {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "Conclusion"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf": [
          {
            "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/Predication"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass": [
          {
            "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b1"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b1",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#intersectionOf": [
          {
            "@list": [
              {
                "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/Predication"
              },
              {
                "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b2"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "@id": "_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b2",
        "@type": [
          "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty": [
          {
            "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/isConcludedBy"
          }
        ],
        "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#someValuesFrom": [
          {
            "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/Predication"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "@id": "http://w3id.org/opino/"
  }
]
<http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b1 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "A Predication that is concluded from another Predication. It is a defined class (Predication and isConcludedBy some Predication): a reasoner classifies a Predication here as soon as a concludesThat link points to it, so the class is never asserted by hand. It records the position of a claim in an inferential chain and says nothing about the quality of the inference or about the epistemic status of the conclusion, which are given on the Predication itself. Example: the dating of an object concluded from two stylistic observations."@en <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf> <http://w3id.org/opino/Predication> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b2 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b3 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b4 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b1 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#intersectionOf> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b3 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b4 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b2 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#someValuesFrom> <http://w3id.org/opino/Predication> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b2 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty> <http://w3id.org/opino/isConcludedBy> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy> "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b1 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b3 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://w3id.org/opino/Predication> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Conclusion"@en <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
_:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b4 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> _:n05e38e3e681e41e3bf5572b0d4808b50b2 <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
<http://w3id.org/opino/Conclusion> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> <http://w3id.org/opino/> .
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