@prefix dcterms: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix ns1: . @prefix ns2: . @prefix owl: . @prefix prov: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix schema: . @prefix skos: . @prefix vann: . @prefix xsd: . dcterms:alternative a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:bibliographicCitation a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:created a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:creator a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:description a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:issued a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:language a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:license a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:modified a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:publisher a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:references a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:rights a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:source a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:subject a owl:AnnotationProperty . dcterms:title a owl:AnnotationProperty . ns2:status a owl:AnnotationProperty . vann:preferredNamespacePrefix a owl:AnnotationProperty . vann:preferredNamespaceUri a owl:AnnotationProperty . ns1: a owl:Ontology ; rdfs:label "OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology"@en ; dcterms:alternative "OPINO" ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Schimmenti, A. (2026). OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology, version 0.2.0. Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna. http://w3id.org/opino/0.2.0" ; dcterms:created "2026-04-30"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:creator "Andrea Schimmenti" ; dcterms:description "OPINO is a DOLCE+DnS Ultralite-based ontology design pattern for representing scholarly opinions and interpretations in cultural heritage knowledge graphs. An Opinion is an information object that expresses a Predicative Content, a collection of Predications (reified claims). Each Predication is a situation with a subject, a predicate and an object, read through a claim-type Description and, where relevant, holding at a time. Epistemic status, confidence and certainty attach to each Predication, so the claims of an Opinion are qualified individually, or to the Predicative Content as a default for its members; the subclasses Assertion, Belief, Hypothesis and Conjecture classify Predications by status, and Reference marks a claim reported from another source. Argumentative relations (supports, evidences, conflicts with, negates, concludes that) link Predications, and hasAuthor shortcuts the provenance path from an Opinion to its author. Informed by the DOLCE epistemic layer (Masolo et al.) and the MITE observation ontology (Sanfilippo et al.), and aligned with HiCO, PROV-O, RDF reification and CRMinf. Developed within the INFINITY project (Horizon Europe, grant agreement no. 101233051). Competency questions with SPARQL queries and a worked example are in the documentation linked from dcterms:source."@en ; dcterms:issued "2026-10-21"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:language "en" ; dcterms:license ; dcterms:modified "2026-10-24"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:publisher ; dcterms:references , , ; dcterms:rights "Released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0)."@en ; dcterms:source ; dcterms:subject "cultural heritage"@en, "epistemic status"@en, "knowledge graphs"@en, "scholarly interpretation"@en ; dcterms:title "OPINO - OPinions and INterpretations Ontology"@en ; ns2:status ; vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "opino" ; vann:preferredNamespaceUri "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:seeAlso , ; owl:imports , , ; owl:versionIRI ns1:0.2.0 ; owl:versionInfo "0.2.0" ; skos:historyNote "Successor of the working draft PINO (Propositional Interpretation of situatioNs Ontology, v0.1.0, 2026-04-30). Versioning restarted at 0.2.0 for the first public release."@en ; foaf:logo ; schema:codeRepository ; schema:image . ns1:Conclusion a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Conclusion"@en ; rdfs:comment "A Predication that is concluded from another Predication. It is a defined class (Predication and isConcludedBy some Predication): a reasoner classifies a Predication here as soon as a concludesThat link points to it, so the class is never asserted by hand. It records the position of a claim in an inferential chain and says nothing about the quality of the inference or about the epistemic status of the conclusion, which are given on the Predication itself. Example: the dating of an object concluded from two stylistic observations."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Predication ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( ns1:Predication [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ns1:isConcludedBy ; owl:someValuesFrom ns1:Predication ] ) ] . ns1:aleatoricUncertainty a , owl:NamedIndividual ; rdfs:label "Aleatoric uncertainty"@en ; rdfs:comment "The Parameter for uncertainty that comes from indeterminacy in the object or in its evidence, and that more evidence cannot reduce, for example the error rate of a classifier or of a measuring instrument. It is a dul:Parameter, that is, the kind of a Certainty and not a value: use it as the filler of dul:isParametrizedBy on a Certainty."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; owl:differentFrom ns1:epistemicUncertainty . ns1:concludesThat a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "concludes that"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a premise Predication to the Predication that is concluded from it. A Predication with an incoming concludesThat is classified as a Conclusion, and chains of concludesThat give the inferential path."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Predication ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:relatesToPredication ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isConcludedBy . ns1:evidences a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "evidences"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication that reports evidence to the Predication that rests on it. It is a sub-property of supports; use supports when the grounds are argument and not evidence."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:supports ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isEvidencedBy . ns1:frames a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "frames"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of isFramedBy: a relation from a claim-type Description to a Predication it defines. It specialises dul:isSatisfiedBy."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isFramedBy . ns1:hasAuthor a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has author"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from an Opinion to the agent that authored it, shortcutting the provenance path Opinion - prov:wasGeneratedBy - Activity - prov:wasAssociatedWith - Agent. It is inferred by that property chain and it should not be asserted. The chain goes through prov:Activity and not only through hico:InterpretationAct, which is a subclass of it, so it holds for any activity that generated the Opinion. It assumes that the agents associated with the activity are its authors: an activity with other kinds of associated agents, such as a software tool, would make them authors too, and in that case the authors should be stated with a qualified association instead. It specialises prov:wasAttributedTo, so that PROV consumers see the attribution. Being implied by a chain, it is not a simple property and cannot be declared functional."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Opinion ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range prov:Agent ; rdfs:subPropertyOf prov:wasAttributedTo ; owl:propertyChainAxiom ( prov:wasGeneratedBy prov:wasAssociatedWith ) . ns1:hasCertainty a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has certainty"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication, or from a Predicative Content, to a Certainty that its source attaches to the claim or claims. It is not functional: several Certainty values, of different kinds, may apply to the same Predication or Content. It specialises dul:hasRegion. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( ns1:Predication ns1:PredicativeContent ) ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Certainty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:hasConfidence a owl:DatatypeProperty, owl:FunctionalProperty ; rdfs:label "has confidence"@en ; rdfs:comment "A data property giving the degree of belief, between 0 and 1, that a source assigns to a claim, on a Predication, or to all the claims of a Predicative Content. It is functional: one confidence per Predication or Content. It is distinct from the epistemic status (the kind of commitment) and from hasCertainty (the kind and amount of uncertainty). The 0-1 bound is left to validation (SHACL) so that the range stays a plain datatype. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( ns1:Predication ns1:PredicativeContent ) ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range xsd:decimal ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:hasGraph a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has graph"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predicative Content to the named graph that holds the RDF triples of its Predications. It is functional. The triples stay in the named graph and out of the default graph, so they are expressed without being asserted. OWL does not reason over the content of the graph, so keeping the graph and the Predications consistent is left to validation (SHACL)."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:PredicativeContent ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:hasObject a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has object"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication to the entity that fills its object slot, 'object' being meant in the sense of an RDF statement and not as dul:Object. It is functional and it specialises dul:isSettingFor. It is aligned with rdf:object by skos:closeMatch, for the same reason as hasSubject."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Predication ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range owl:Thing ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isObjectOf ; skos:closeMatch rdf:object . ns1:hasPolarity a owl:DatatypeProperty, owl:FunctionalProperty ; rdfs:label "has polarity"@en ; rdfs:comment "A data property giving the polarity of a Predication: true if its claim holds, false if its claim is denied. It is functional. A false polarity is a denial inside the claim; it is not the rejection of a claim by another Opinion, for which negates and conflictsWith are used."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Predication ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range xsd:boolean ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:hasPredicate a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has predicate"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication to the entity that fills its predicate slot. It is functional and it specialises dul:isSettingFor. The filler may be a punned dul:Concept standing for a relation or a property. It is aligned with rdf:predicate by skos:closeMatch, for the same reason as hasSubject."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Predication ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range owl:Thing ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isPredicateOf ; skos:closeMatch rdf:predicate . ns1:hasPredication a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has predication"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predicative Content to a Predication that it contains. It specialises dul:hasMember, so that members asserted with dul:hasMember and with hasPredication are treated alike, and it is the relation to use when building a Predicative Content. Together with expressesContent it gives includesPredication."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:PredicativeContent ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:hasSubject a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has subject"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication to the entity that fills its subject slot. It is functional and it specialises dul:isSettingFor, because the subject is an entity in the setting of the situation. It is aligned with rdf:subject by skos:closeMatch and not by equivalence: rdf: terms cannot be declared as properties in OWL 2 DL, and an equivalence would make Predication a subclass of rdf:Statement through the domain."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Predication ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range owl:Thing ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isSubjectOf ; skos:closeMatch rdf:subject . ns1:holdsAtTime a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "holds at time"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication, or from a Predicative Content, to the time interval at which its claim or claims are said to hold, which is the time of the content and not the time at which the claim was made. It is functional and it specialises dul:includesTime, whose domain is dul:Situation, so a Predicative Content with a time is also inferred to be a dul:Situation. Put the dates on the dul:TimeInterval, for example with dul:hasIntervalDate. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( ns1:Predication ns1:PredicativeContent ) ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:includesPredication a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "includes predication"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from an Opinion to a Predication in the Predicative Content that it expresses. It is inferred by the property chain expressesContent o dul:hasMember and it should not be asserted. Being implied by a chain, it is not a simple property and therefore cannot be used in cardinality restrictions or declared functional."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Opinion ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isIncludedInOpinion ; owl:propertyChainAxiom ( ns1:expressesContent ) . ns1:interprets a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "interprets"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from an Interpretation to the entity that it interprets, that is, the entity whose nature, attribution, meaning or other feature its Predicative Content puts forward claims about. It is a sub-property of isAbout, with the difference that it holds only for Interpretations, and therefore classifies its subject as one, and it names the entity interpreted, while isAbout also covers Opinions that merely mention an entity."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Interpretation ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:isAbout ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isInterpretedIn . ns1:isNegatedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is negated by"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of negates: a relation from a Predication to a Predication that states its negation. It is a sub-property of conflictsWith."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:conflictsWith ; owl:inverseOf ns1:negates . ns1:readsAs a owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:label "reads as"@en ; rdfs:comment "A data property giving a natural-language rendering of a claim, on a Predication, or of all the claims of a Predicative Content taken together, for example 'The drawing was made in the 17th century'@en. It is not functional: give one rendering per language, with a language tag. It is for documentation only: queries and reasoning over the claim use hasSubject, hasPredicate and hasObject, and no derivation is claimed between the string and that structure; keeping them in step is left to the data producer or to validation (SHACL). The range is rdf:PlainLiteral and not xsd:string, so that language-tagged strings are well-typed in OWL 2."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( ns1:Predication ns1:PredicativeContent ) ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range rdf:PlainLiteral ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . skos:broadMatch a owl:AnnotationProperty . skos:closeMatch a owl:AnnotationProperty . skos:definition a owl:AnnotationProperty . skos:editorialNote a owl:AnnotationProperty . skos:example a owl:AnnotationProperty . skos:historyNote a owl:AnnotationProperty . skos:scopeNote a owl:AnnotationProperty . foaf:logo a owl:AnnotationProperty . schema:codeRepository a owl:AnnotationProperty . schema:image a owl:AnnotationProperty . ns1:Assertion a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Assertion"@en ; rdfs:comment "A Predication whose source puts the claim forward as a justified assertion. It is a defined class (Predication and hasEpistemicStatus value assertionValue): the status is asserted and a reasoner classifies the Predication here, so the class is never asserted by hand. It exists so that claims can be typed and retrieved by the attitude of the source, and it is disjoint from the other status classes and from Reference because hasEpistemicStatus is functional and a Reference carries no status."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Predication ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( ns1:Predication [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue ns1:assertionValue ; owl:onProperty ns1:hasEpistemicStatus ] ) ] . ns1:Belief a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Belief"@en ; rdfs:comment "A Predication whose source holds the claim to be true as its own conviction, without putting it forward as a justified assertion. It is a defined class (Predication and hasEpistemicStatus value beliefValue), classified by the reasoner and never asserted by hand, and it is disjoint from the other status classes and from Reference."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Predication ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( ns1:Predication [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue ns1:beliefValue ; owl:onProperty ns1:hasEpistemicStatus ] ) ] . ns1:Certainty a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Certainty"@en ; rdfs:comment "A region of the amounts of certainty that a source attaches to a Predication, for example an error rate of 0.05. It is a dul:Amount, following the DUL pattern in which a Region is valued with a data value (dul:hasRegionDataValue) and classified by a dul:Parameter that gives its kind (dul:isParametrizedBy). A Certainty is therefore a value and not a kind: the kinds are the Parameters epistemicUncertainty and aleatoricUncertainty, so that one Predication can carry, for instance, an aleatoric certainty that is the error rate of a classifier and an epistemic one that is a judgement of the scholar. Each Certainty belongs to a specific Predication. Example: c1 a Certainty ; dul:hasRegionDataValue 0.05 ; dul:isParametrizedBy aleatoricUncertainty."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf . ns1:Conjecture a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Conjecture"@en ; rdfs:comment "A Predication whose source entertains the claim as possible without enough evidence to assert it. It is a defined class (Predication and hasEpistemicStatus value conjectureValue), classified by the reasoner and never asserted by hand, and it is disjoint from the other status classes and from Reference."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Predication ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( ns1:Predication [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue ns1:conjectureValue ; owl:onProperty ns1:hasEpistemicStatus ] ) ] . ns1:Hypothesis a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Hypothesis"@en ; rdfs:comment "A Predication whose source holds the claim as the current best explanation, open to revision. It is a defined class (Predication and hasEpistemicStatus value hypothesisValue), classified by the reasoner and never asserted by hand, and it is disjoint from the other status classes and from Reference. Example: the attribution of a drawing to a workshop on the basis of a watermark."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Predication ; owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ; owl:intersectionOf ( ns1:Predication [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:hasValue ns1:hypothesisValue ; owl:onProperty ns1:hasEpistemicStatus ] ) ] . ns1:Reference a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Reference"@en ; rdfs:comment "A Predication that reports a claim made by someone other than the source of the Opinion, and that is discussed or used inside the Opinion as evidence. It has no epistemic status: the attitude toward the reported claim belongs to the original source, and the Opinion's source commits only to the fact that the claim was made. This follows the distinction of the DOLCE epistemic layer and its observation ontology between accessing a report, which registers the point of view of its author while keeping track of the source, and interpreting it, which embraces that point of view. It is a primitive class, not a defined one, and it is disjoint from Assertion, Belief, Hypothesis and Conjecture, so a Predication that carries a status cannot also be a Reference. A reported claim that the source also adopts is a separate Predication with its own status, linked to the Reference with supports or evidences. Example: the statement of a previous cataloguer that a drawing is by artist A, reported to be weighed against the watermark."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Predication . ns1:epistemicUncertainty a , owl:NamedIndividual ; rdfs:label "Epistemic uncertainty"@en ; rdfs:comment "The Parameter for uncertainty that comes from missing or insufficient knowledge, and that more evidence could therefore reduce. It is a dul:Parameter, that is, the kind of a Certainty and not a value: use it as the filler of dul:isParametrizedBy on a Certainty."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI . ns1:expressesContent a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "expresses content"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from an Opinion to the Predicative Content that it expresses. It specialises dul:expresses, whose range includes any dul:SocialObject and therefore a Predicative Content, which is a dul:Collection. Together with hasPredication it gives the chain Opinion - expressesContent - Predicative Content - hasPredication - Predication, shortcut by includesPredication."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Opinion ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:PredicativeContent ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ns1:isContentExpressedBy . ns1:isAbout a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is about"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from an Opinion to an entity that it is about, in the loose sense of aboutness of dul:isAbout, of which it is a sub-property: the object under study, a person, a place, an event or another Opinion. It is the coarse, Opinion-level link, used to find the Opinions that concern an entity without looking into their Predications; the precise role an entity plays in a claim (subject, predicate or object) is given by hasSubject, hasPredicate and hasObject on the Predication."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Opinion ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:isContentExpressedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is content expressed by"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of expressesContent: a relation from a Predicative Content to the Opinion that expresses it. It specialises dul:isExpressedBy."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:isEvidencedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is evidenced by"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of evidences: a relation from a Predication to a Predication that reports the evidence it rests on. It is a sub-property of isSupportedBy."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:isSupportedBy . ns1:isIncludedInOpinion a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is included in opinion"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of includesPredication: a relation from a Predication to an Opinion whose Predicative Content includes it. It is inferred and it should not be asserted."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:isInterpretedIn a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is interpreted in"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of interprets: a relation from an entity to an Interpretation that interprets it."@en ; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Interpretation ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:isObjectOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is object of"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of hasObject: a relation from an entity to a Predication in which it fills the object slot. It specialises dul:hasSetting."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:isPredicateOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is predicate of"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of hasPredicate: a relation from an entity to a Predication in which it fills the predicate slot. It specialises dul:hasSetting."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:isSubjectOf a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is subject of"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of hasSubject: a relation from an entity to a Predication in which it fills the subject slot. It specialises dul:hasSetting and it lets the claims about an entity be retrieved from the entity."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:isSupportedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is supported by"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of supports: a relation from a Predication to a Predication that gives grounds for it."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:relatesToPredication ; owl:inverseOf ns1:supports . ns1:negates a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "negates"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication to the Predication whose negation it states. It is a sub-property of conflictsWith. Use hasPolarity for a single Predication stating that a relation does not hold; use negates for two Predications in explicit opposition."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:conflictsWith . prov:Agent a owl:Class . prov:wasAssociatedWith a owl:ObjectProperty . prov:wasAttributedTo a owl:ObjectProperty . ns1:assertionValue a ns1:EpistemicStatus, owl:NamedIndividual ; rdfs:label "Assertion value"@en ; rdfs:comment "The epistemic status of a source that holds the claim as a considered position backed by sufficient evidence and puts it forward as a justified assertion. It is the strongest of the statuses and it is not a statement that the claim is true: it describes the attitude of the source, not the world."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI . ns1:beliefValue a ns1:EpistemicStatus, owl:NamedIndividual ; rdfs:label "Belief value"@en ; rdfs:comment "The epistemic status of a source that holds the claim to be true as its own conviction, without putting it forward as a justified assertion that others can challenge. It describes the attitude of the source and not the world, and the ontology does not order it against the other statuses."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI . ns1:conflictsWith a owl:ObjectProperty, owl:SymmetricProperty ; rdfs:label "conflicts with"@en ; rdfs:comment "A symmetric relation between two Predications that cannot both be held. The conflict is between claims, not between statements of the ontology, so it is not an OWL inconsistency and triggers no reasoning."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Predication ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:relatesToPredication . ns1:conjectureValue a ns1:EpistemicStatus, owl:NamedIndividual ; rdfs:label "Conjecture value"@en ; rdfs:comment "The epistemic status of a source that entertains the claim as possible, aiming at the truth but without enough evidence to assert it and acknowledging possible counterevidence. It is the weakest of the statuses."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI . ns1:hypothesisValue a ns1:EpistemicStatus, owl:NamedIndividual ; rdfs:label "Hypothesis value"@en ; rdfs:comment "The epistemic status of a source that holds the claim as the current best explanation, open to revision. It is weaker than an assertion and stronger than a conjecture."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI . ns1:isConcludedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is concluded by"@en ; rdfs:comment "The inverse of concludesThat: a relation from a concluded Predication to a premise Predication."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:relatesToPredication . ns1:isFramedBy a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "is framed by"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication, or from a Predicative Content, to the Description that defines the kind of claim or claims. It is functional and it specialises dul:satisfies, whose domain is dul:Situation: a Predicative Content that is framed is therefore also inferred to be a dul:Situation, which DUL allows. The Descriptions are individuals of dul:Description, such as observation, measurement, classification or evaluation, defined by the application: in the Descriptions and Situations pattern the Description defines the type of a situation by its content, and claim types are individuals and not subclasses of Predication to keep the number of classes small. The kind of claim follows from its content; the attitude of the source is given by the epistemic status, confidence and certainty. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( ns1:Predication ns1:PredicativeContent ) ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:supports a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "supports"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication to another Predication for which it gives grounds. It is an argumentative link between Predications, inside or across Contents, and it records how the claims relate, not which source argued it. Links between Opinions (agreement, citation) are expressed with CiTO, not here."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Predication ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:relatesToPredication . prov:wasGeneratedBy a owl:ObjectProperty . ns1:Interpretation a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Interpretation"@en ; rdfs:comment "An Opinion that puts forward its claims as the outcome of an interpretation. It is a primitive subclass of Opinion with a sufficient but not necessary condition, stated as a general class axiom (Opinion and prov:wasGeneratedBy some hico:InterpretationAct SubClassOf Interpretation): an Opinion linked with prov:wasGeneratedBy to a hico:InterpretationAct is classified here by a reasoner, but an Interpretation can also be asserted directly, without recording the act or using HiCO. Using interprets on an Opinion also classifies it here, through the domain of that property. An Opinion with neither the act nor the type (for example one transcribed from a catalogue card) remains a plain Opinion, and it is not wrong or incomplete for that. Example: the attribution of a painting to a workshop, recorded as the outcome of an interpretation act by a scholar."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Opinion . ns1:hasEpistemicStatus a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "has epistemic status"@en ; rdfs:comment "A relation from a Predication, or from a Predicative Content, to the epistemic status of its source toward the claim or claims. It is functional. It specialises dul:hasRegion. It describes commitment only; polarity, degree of belief and uncertainty are expressed with hasPolarity, hasConfidence and hasCertainty. On a Predication it also classifies the Predication as an Assertion, a Belief, a Hypothesis or a Conjecture. Stated on a Predicative Content, the value is the default for every member that does not state its own; OWL cannot express a default that a member may override, so it is resolved in queries (see the competency questions) and not by the reasoner."@en ; rdfs:domain [ a owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( ns1:Predication ns1:PredicativeContent ) ] ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:EpistemicStatus ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:EpistemicStatus a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Epistemic Status"@en ; rdfs:comment "A region of the degrees of commitment that a source can hold toward a claim. It is a dul:Region, following the DUL pattern in which qualities of entities take values in a value space. Its values are the named individuals assertionValue, beliefValue, hypothesisValue and conjectureValue, and further values can be added by extension. It is attached to a Predication or a Predicative Content with hasEpistemicStatus. It is not a degree of belief (see hasConfidence) and not a source of doubt (see hasCertainty); the three are kept apart because a source may, for example, assert a claim with low confidence. The values are not ordered by the ontology."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf . ns1:relatesToPredication a owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "relates to predication"@en ; rdfs:comment "The most general relation between two Predications: it is the super-property of every OPINO property that connects a Predication to another Predication, namely supports, isSupportedBy, evidences, isEvidencedBy, conflictsWith, negates, isNegatedBy, concludesThat and isConcludedBy (evidences, isEvidencedBy, negates and isNegatedBy through their own super-properties). It is used to query for any link between Predications without choosing the kind of link, and it is not meant to be asserted: assert the specific property. It is neither symmetric nor transitive, because some of its sub-properties are directed and neither inference would be sound for them. Membership of a Predication in a Predicative Content is not covered by it, because that relation holds between a Content and a Predication (hasPredication)."@en ; rdfs:domain ns1:Predication ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:range ns1:Predication ; rdfs:subPropertyOf . ns1:Opinion a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Opinion"@en ; rdfs:comment "An information object that expresses a Predicative Content: a catalogue note, a passage of an article, an annotation or any other piece of information in which a source puts forward one or more claims about the object under study. It is modelled as a dul:InformationObject, and not as a situation or as an event, because what it describes is the vehicle of the claims and not the claims themselves or the act that produced them. As an information object it can be authored, dated, cited, reused and linked to other Opinions (for example with CiTO), the same Content can be expressed by different Opinions, and dul:expresses applies to it directly. The claims are the Predications of the Predicative Content, and their epistemic status, confidence and certainty are given on each Predication, or as a default on the Predicative Content, not on the Opinion: an Opinion may therefore mix an observation held with high confidence and a conjecture. An Opinion does not say that its Content is true. The act that produced an Opinion is a prov:Activity, typically a hico:InterpretationAct; when that act is recorded, or when the Opinion is typed as such, the Opinion is an Interpretation, and its author is given by hasAuthor. Its type, such as expert opinion or automated output, can be given with dul:isClassifiedBy by a dul:Concept."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf . ns1:PredicativeContent a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Predicative Content"@en ; rdfs:comment "A collection of one or more Predications expressed together by an Opinion. It is called Predicative Content to state that it contains Predications and nothing else: every member is a Predication (hasMember only Predication) and there is at least one (hasMember some Predication). It groups the claims of one Opinion so that they can be taken as a unit, and it has no logical force: it does not say that its members are true, that they hold together or that the source holds them jointly. It is a dul:Collection, and not a dul:Set, because it is a social object that exists independently of the truth of its members and of the fact that its membership may change as the Opinion is edited. A single claim is a one-member Content. The properties of a Predication that are not about a single claim, namely hasEpistemicStatus, hasConfidence, hasCertainty, isFramedBy, holdsAtTime and readsAs, can also be stated on the Predicative Content, as the default for all its members that do not state their own; hasSubject, hasPredicate, hasObject and hasPolarity belong to a single claim and are not stated here. Its triples can be kept in a named graph linked with hasGraph, so that they are expressed without being asserted. It is aligned with crminf:I4_Proposition_Set by skos:broadMatch, and not by equivalence, because the CRMinf class is not defined on the same distinctions. Example: the set of Predications stated in one catalogue record, all held as hypotheses with the same certainty."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom ns1:Predication ], [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:allValuesFrom ns1:Predication ; owl:onProperty ], ; skos:broadMatch . ns1:Predication a owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Predication"@en ; rdfs:comment "A situation that reifies one claim by relating a subject, a predicate and an object, read through a claim-type Description and, where applicable, holding at a time. It is a dul:Situation, following the Descriptions and Situations pattern of DOLCE+DnS Ultralite, because a claim is a view on entities taken as related to one another: the subject, the predicate, the object and the time are entities in the setting of the Predication (hasSubject, hasPredicate and hasObject specialise dul:isSettingFor), and the Description that the Predication satisfies (isFramedBy) defines what kind of claim it is, for example an observation or a classification. Making the claim a situation, and not a plain triple, lets each claim carry its own epistemic status, confidence, certainty, polarity, time and natural-language rendering, and lets claims be related to each other (supports, evidences, negates, conflictsWith, concludesThat). This is what makes it possible to contextualise statements individually: an interpretation can be composed of several aspects, for example a measurement with some certainty and, based on it, a hypothetical classification with its own epistemic status. The subclasses Assertion, Belief, Hypothesis and Conjecture classify a Predication by its epistemic status, and Reference marks a claim reported from another source, which has none. A Predication is not keyed on its values and belongs to the Opinion that contextualises it, so the same claim stated by two Opinions is two Predications, each with its own qualifications. It is not an RDF triple asserted in the graph: the triple holds only if it is also asserted elsewhere. It is aligned with rdf:Statement by skos:broadMatch and not subclassed from it, because rdf: terms are reserved in OWL 2 DL. Example: 'Drawing D1 - created by - artist A', framed as a classification, holding in the 17th century, with the status hypothesis and confidence 0.6."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://w3id.org/opino/"^^xsd:anyURI ; rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ns1:isFramedBy ; owl:someValuesFrom ], ; skos:broadMatch rdf:Statement . [] a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ns1:Interpretation ; owl:intersectionOf ( ns1:Opinion [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty prov:wasGeneratedBy ; owl:someValuesFrom ] ) . [] a owl:AllDifferent ; owl:distinctMembers ( ns1:assertionValue ns1:beliefValue ns1:hypothesisValue ns1:conjectureValue ) . [] a owl:AllDisjointClasses ; owl:members ( ns1:Assertion ns1:Belief ns1:Hypothesis ns1:Conjecture ns1:Reference ) .